#ifdef USE_BUFFER_IO
#include "optimization.h"
#else
#include <iostream>
#endif

namespace template_io {

    namespace meta {
        template<typename ...Ts>
        struct type_list {
        };

        template<typename T, size_t N>
        class make_n_list {
            template<typename = std::make_index_sequence<N>>
            struct impl;

            template<size_t... Is>
            struct impl<std::index_sequence<Is...>> {
                template<size_t>
                using wrap = T;

                using type = type_list<wrap<Is>...>;
            };

        public:
            using type = typename impl<>::type;
        };

        template<typename T, size_t N>
        using make_n_list_t = typename make_n_list<T, N>::type;

        template<typename T, typename...>
        struct head {
            using type = T;
        };

        template<typename ...Ts>
        using head_t = typename head<Ts...>::type;
    }

    namespace input {
        template<typename T, typename = void>
        struct reader {
        };

#ifdef USE_BUFFER_IO

        template<typename T>
        struct reader<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T>>> {
            static auto func() {
                return readInt<T>();
            }
        };

        template<>
        struct reader<double> {
            static auto func() {
                return readDouble();
            }
        };
#else
        template<typename T>
        struct reader<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T>>> {
            static auto func() {
                T x;
                std::cin >> x;
                return x;
            }
        };

        template<>
        struct reader<double> {
            static auto func() {
                double x;
                std::cin >> x;
                return x;
            }
        };
#endif

        template<typename T>
        auto read() {
            return reader<T>::func();
        }

        template<typename ...Ts, typename = std::enable_if_t<sizeof...(Ts) >= 2>>
        auto read() {
            return std::tuple{read<Ts>()...};
        }

        template<typename ...Ts, typename = std::enable_if_t<sizeof...(Ts) >= 1>>
        auto read(meta::type_list<Ts...>) {
            return read<Ts...>();
        }

        template<size_t N, typename T = int>
        auto read() {
            return read(meta::make_n_list_t<T, N>());
        }

        struct read_s {
            template<typename T>
            operator T() {
                return read<T>();
            }
        };

        auto read() {
            return read_s();
        }

    }

    namespace output {

        template<typename T, typename = void>
        struct writer {
        };
#ifdef USE_BUFFER_IO
        template<typename T>
        struct writer<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T>>> {
            static void func(const T& t, char end) {
                writeInt<T>(t, end);
            }
        };

        template<>
        struct writer<double> {
            static auto func(double d, char end) {
                writeDouble(d);
                if (end) writeChar(end);
            }
        };
#else
        template<typename T>
        struct writer<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T>>> {
            static void func(const T& t, char end) {
                std::cout << t << end;
            }
        };

        template<>
        struct writer<double> {
            static auto func(double d, char end) {
                std::cout << d << end;
            }
        };
#endif
        template<typename T>
        void write(T t, char end = '\0') {
            return writer<T>::func(t, end);
        }
    }
    using input::read, output::write;
}